Approaches to know cell biology and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica protozoan
FloraSeptember 15, 20200 Comments
Understanding the Mechanism of Cell Dying in Gemcitabine Resistant Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Methods Biology Method
Background: Gemcitabine is the usual chemotherapeutic drug administered in superior Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Nevertheless, on account of drug resistance in PDAC sufferers, this remedy has change into much less efficient.
Through the years, scientific trials for the search of discovering novel compounds that can be utilized together with gemcitabine have met little or no success.Goal: To foretell the driving elements behind pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and to know the impact of those elements within the development of the illness and their contribution to cell progress and proliferation.
Strategies: With the assistance of techniques biology approaches and utilizing gene expression knowledge, which is typically present in abundance, dysregulated components in key signalling pathways had been predicted. Distinguished dysregulated components had been built-in right into a mannequin to simulate and research the impact of gemcitabine-induced hypoxia.
Outcomes: On this research, a number of transcription elements within the type of key drivers of cancer-related genes had been predicted with the assistance of CARNIVAL, and the impact of gemcitabine-induced hypoxia on the apoptosis pathway was proven to affect the downstream components of two main pathway fashions; EGF/VEGF and TNF signalling pathway.
Conclusion: It was noticed that EGF/VEGF signalling pathway performed a serious function in inducing drug resistance by means of cell progress, proliferation, and avoiding cell loss of life. Focusing on the key upstream elements of this pathway might probably result in profitable remedy.Key phrases: PDAC; apoptosis; cell loss of life; cell signalling; gemcitabine; hypoxia; techniques biology.
Proteomics approaches to know cellbiology and virulence of Entamoeba histolytica protozoan parasite
Entamoeba histolytica is the primitive eukaryotic parasite accountable of human amoebiasis, a illness characterised by bloody intestinal diarrhea and invasive extraintestinal sickness.
The data of the full genome sequence of virulent E. histolytica and associated non-pathogenic species allowed the event of novel genome-wide methodological approaches together with protein expression profiling and mobile proteomics within the so referred to as post-genomic period.
Proteomics research have vastly elevated our understanding of the cell biology of this historic parasite.
This overview summarizes the present works regarding proteomics research on cell biology, life cycle, virulence and pathogenesis, novel therapies, and protein expression regulation mechanisms in E. histolytica parasite.
Additionally, we talk about using proteomics knowledge for the event of novel therapies, the identification of potential illness biomarkers and differential prognosis between species.
SIGNIFICANCE: Entamoeba histolytica is the unicellular protozoan parasite accountable of human amoebiasis, a critical illness with worldwide distribution characterised by bloody intestinal diarrhea and invasive extraintestinal sickness together with peritonitis and liver, pulmonary and mind abscesses.
The post-genomic period allowed the event of proteomic research together with protein expression profiling and mobile proteomics.
These proteomics research have vastly elevated our understanding on cell biology, life cycle (cyst-trophozoite conversion), virulence, pathogenesis, novel therapies, and protein expression regulation mechanisms in E. histolytica.
Importantly, proteomics has revealed the identification of proteins associated to novel therapies, and the identification of potential illness biomarkers and proteins with use in prognosis between species.
Hopefully within the coming years, and thru using extra subtle omics instruments, together with deep proteomics, a extra full set of proteins concerned within the aforementioned mobile processes might be obtained and thus perceive the biology of this historic eukaryote.
Useful Modules of Minimal Cell Division for Artificial Biology
Mobile replica is without doubt one of the basic hallmarks of life. Due to this fact, the event of a minimal division equipment able to correct genome condensation and group, mid-cell positioning and segregation in area and time, and the ultimate septation course of represent a basic challenge for artificial biology. It’s due to this fact vital to have the ability to engineer such modules for the manufacturing of synthetic minimal cells.
A bottom-up meeting of molecular machines from bulk biochemicals complemented by in vivo experiments in addition to computational modelling helps to method such key mobile processes. Right here, minimal useful modules concerned in genome segregation and the division equipment and their spatial group and positioning are reviewed, setting into perspective the design of a minimal cell. Moreover, the milestones of latest in vitro reconstitution experiments within the context of cell division are mentioned and their function in shedding mild on basic mobile mechanisms that represent spatiotemporal order is described. Lastly, present challenges within the subject of bottom-up artificial biology in addition to potential future developments towards the event of minimal biomimetic techniques are mentioned.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: IHC, ELISA;IHC:1/100-1/300.ELISA:1/10000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, WB:1:200-1:1000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, WB:1:500-1:2000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;WB:1:500-1:2000, IHC:1:50-1:200
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB, IHC;ELISA:1:2000-1:5000, WB:1:200-1:1000, IHC:1:25-1:100
Description: This is a calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent, serine- and threonine-specific enzyme. May play a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4. PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters.
Description: Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and adhesion, tumorigenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet function and inflammation, by directly phosphorylating targets such as RAF1, BCL2, CSPG4, TNNT2/CTNT, or activating signaling cascade involving MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and RAP1GAP. [UniProt]
Description: Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and adhesion, tumorigenesis, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet function and inflammation, by directly phosphorylating targets such as RAF1, BCL2, CSPG4, TNNT2/CTNT, or activating signaling cascade involving MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and RAP1GAP. [UniProt]
Description: PRKCA is a calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent, serine-and threonine-specific enzyme. It may play a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4. PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters.
Description: PRKCA is a calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent, serine-and threonine-specific enzyme. It may play a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4. PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters.
Description: Protein Kinase C alpha (PKC) is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation during cell cycle progression. This is a calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent, serine- and threonine-specific enzyme. May play a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4. PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Clone 133 recognizes the isoform of PKC and binds to a sequence at the C terminus of PKC to detect its expression in vitro.
Description: Protein Kinase C alpha (PKC) is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation during cell cycle progression. This is a calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent, serine- and threonine-specific enzyme. May play a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4. PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Clone 133 recognizes the isoform of PKC and binds to a sequence at the C terminus of PKC to detect its expression in vitro.
Description: Protein Kinase C alpha (PKC) is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation during cell cycle progression. This is a calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent, serine- and threonine-specific enzyme. May play a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4. PKC is activated by diacylglycerol which in turn phosphorylates a range of cellular proteins. PKC also serves as the receptor for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Clone 133 recognizes the isoform of PKC and binds to a sequence at the C terminus of PKC to detect its expression in vitro.
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human. This antibody is HRP conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human. This antibody is FITC conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA. Recognizes PRKCA from Human. This antibody is Biotin conjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA (Ab-657). Recognizes PRKCA (Ab-657) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:3000
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA (Ab-657). Recognizes PRKCA (Ab-657) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: ELISA, WB;WB:1:500-1:3000
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human Mouse Prkca (N-term). This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: A Monoclonal antibody against Human PRKCA (monoclonal) (M01). The antibodies are raised in mouse and are from clone 2F11. This antibody is applicable in WB, IHC and IF, E
Description: A polyclonal antibody against PRKCA/PRKCB/PRKCD/PRKCE/PRKCG/PRKCH/PRKCQ/PRKCZ. Recognizes PRKCA/PRKCB/PRKCD/PRKCE/PRKCG/PRKCH/PRKCQ/PRKCZ from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, IHC, IF, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.IHC:1/100-1/300.IF:1/200-1/1000.ELISA:1/5000
Description: A polyclonal antibody raised in Rabbit that recognizes and binds to Human PRKCA / PKC-Alpha (aa1-250). This antibody is tested and proven to work in the following applications:
Description: Description of target: Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and adhesion, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet function and inflammation, by directly phosphorylating targets such as RAF1, BCL2, CSPG4, TNNT2/CTNT, or activating signaling cascades involving MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and RAP1GAP. Depending on the cell type, is involved in cell proliferation and cell growth arrest by positive and negative regulation of the cell cycle. Can promote cell growth by phosphorylating and activating RAF1, which mediates the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade, and/or by up-regulating CDKN1A, which facilitates active cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complex formation. In cells stimulated by the phorbol ester PMA, can trigger a cell cycle arrest program which is associated with the accumulation of the hyper-phosphorylated growth-suppressive form of RB1 and induction of the CDK inhibitors CDKN1A and CDKN1B. Depending on the cell type, exhibits anti-apoptotic function and protects cells from apoptosis by suppressing the p53/TP53-mediated activation of IGFBP3, or mediates anti-apoptotic action by phosphorylating BCL2. During macrophage differentiation induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1), is translocated to the nucleus and is associated with macrophage development. After wounding, translocates from focal contacts to lamellipodia and participates in the modulation of desmosomal adhesion. Plays a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4, which induces association of CSPG4 with extensive lamellipodia at the cell periphery and polarization of the cell accompanied by increases in cell motility. Negatively regulates myocardial contractility and positively regulates angiogenesis, platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in arteries. Mediates hypertrophic growth of neonatal cardiomyocytes, in part through a MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2)-dependent signaling pathway, and upon PMA treatment, is required to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy up to heart failure and death, by increasing protein synthesis, protein-DNA ratio and cell surface area. Regulates cardiomyocyte function by phosphorylating cardiac troponin T (TNNT2/CTNT), which induces significant reduction in actomyosin ATPase activity, myofilament calcium sensitivity and myocardial contractility. In angiogenesis, is required for full endothelial cell migration, adhesion to vitronectin (VTN), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)-dependent regulation of kinase activation and vascular tube formation. Involved in the stabilization of VEGFA mRNA at post-transcriptional level and mediates VEGFA-induced cell proliferation. In the regulation of calcium-induced platelet aggregation, mediates signals from the CD36/GP4 receptor for granule release, and activates the integrin heterodimer ITGA2B-ITGB3 through the RAP1GAP pathway for adhesion. During response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), may regulate selective LPS-induced macrophage functions involved in host defense and inflammation. But in some inflammatory responses, may negatively regulate NF-kappa-B-induced genes, through IL1A-dependent induction of NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA/IKBA). Upon stimulation with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), phosphorylates EIF4G1, which modulates EIF4G1 binding to MKNK1 and may be involved in the regulation of EIF4E phosphorylation. Phosphorylates KIT, leading to inhibition of KIT activity. Phosphorylates ATF2 which promotes cooperation between ATF2 and JUN, activating transcription.;Species reactivity: Rat;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 3.9 pg/mL
Description: Description of target: Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and the second messenger diacylglycerol. PKC family members phosphorylate a wide variety of protein targets and are known to be involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways. PKC family members also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Each member of the PKC family has a specific expression profile and is believed to play a distinct role in cells. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the PKC family members. This kinase has been reported to play roles in many different cellular processes, such as cell adhesion, cell transformation, cell cycle checkpoint, and cell volume control. Knockout studies in mice suggest that this kinase may be a fundamental regulator of cardiac contractility and Ca(2+) handling in myocytes.;Species reactivity: Human;Application: ELISA;Assay info: ;Sensitivity: < 12.2pg/mL
Description: Description of target: Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and adhesion, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet function and inflammation, by directly phosphorylating targets such as RAF1, BCL2, CSPG4, TNNT2/CTNT, or activating signaling cascades involving MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and RAP1GAP. Depending on the cell type, is involved in cell proliferation and cell growth arrest by positive and negative regulation of the cell cycle. Can promote cell growth by phosphorylating and activating RAF1, which mediates the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade, and/or by up-regulating CDKN1A, which facilitates active cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complex formation. In cells stimulated by the phorbol ester PMA, can trigger a cell cycle arrest program which is associated with the accumulation of the hyper-phosphorylated growth-suppressive form of RB1 and induction of the CDK inhibitors CDKN1A and CDKN1B. Depending on the cell type, exhibits anti-apoptotic function and protects cells from apoptosis by suppressing the p53/TP53-mediated activation of IGFBP3, or mediates anti-apoptotic action by phosphorylating BCL2. During macrophage differentiation induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1), is translocated to the nucleus and is associated with macrophage development. After wounding, translocates from focal contacts to lamellipodia and participates in the modulation of desmosomal adhesion. Plays a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4, which induces association of CSPG4 with extensive lamellipodia at the cell periphery and polarization of the cell accompanied by increases in cell motility. Negatively regulates myocardial contractility and positively regulates angiogenesis, platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in arteries. Mediates hypertrophic growth of neonatal cardiomyocytes, in part through a MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2)-dependent signaling pathway, and upon PMA treatment, is required to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy up to heart failure and death, by increasing protein synthesis, protein-DNA ratio and cell surface area. Regulates cardiomyocyte function by phosphorylating cardiac troponin T (TNNT2/CTNT), which induces significant reduction in actomyosin ATPase activity, myofilament calcium sensitivity and myocardial contractility. In angiogenesis, is required for full endothelial cell migration, adhesion to vitronectin (VTN), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)-dependent regulation of kinase activation and vascular tube formation. Involved in the stabilization of VEGFA mRNA at post-transcriptional level and mediates VEGFA-induced cell proliferation. In the regulation of calcium-induced platelet aggregation, mediates signals from the CD36/GP4 receptor for granule release, and activates the integrin heterodimer ITGA2B-ITGB3 through the RAP1GAP pathway for adhesion. During response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), may regulate selective LPS-induced macrophage functions involved in host defense and inflammation. But in some inflammatory responses, may negatively regulate NF-kappa-B-induced genes, through IL1A-dependent induction of NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA/IKBA). Upon stimulation with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), phosphorylates EIF4G1, which modulates EIF4G1 binding to MKNK1 and may be involved in the regulation of EIF4E phosphorylation. Phosphorylates KIT, leading to inhibition of KIT activity. Phosphorylates ATF2 which promotes cooperation between ATF2 and JUN, activating transcription.;Species reactivity: Mouse;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 15.6 pg/mL
Description: Description of target: Calcium-activated, phospholipid- and diacylglycerol (DAG)-dependent serine/threonine-protein kinase that is involved in positive and negative regulation of cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, migration and adhesion, cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, platelet function and inflammation, by directly phosphorylating targets such as RAF1, BCL2, CSPG4, TNNT2/CTNT, or activating signaling cascades involving MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2) and RAP1GAP. Depending on the cell type, is involved in cell proliferation and cell growth arrest by positive and negative regulation of the cell cycle. Can promote cell growth by phosphorylating and activating RAF1, which mediates the activation of the MAPK/ERK signaling cascade, and/or by up-regulating CDKN1A, which facilitates active cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) complex formation. In cells stimulated by the phorbol ester PMA, can trigger a cell cycle arrest program which is associated with the accumulation of the hyper-phosphorylated growth-suppressive form of RB1 and induction of the CDK inhibitors CDKN1A and CDKN1B. Depending on the cell type, exhibits anti-apoptotic function and protects cells from apoptosis by suppressing the p53/TP53-mediated activation of IGFBP3, or mediates anti-apoptotic action by phosphorylating BCL2. During macrophage differentiation induced by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF1), is translocated to the nucleus and is associated with macrophage development. After wounding, translocates from focal contacts to lamellipodia and participates in the modulation of desmosomal adhesion. Plays a role in cell motility by phosphorylating CSPG4, which induces association of CSPG4 with extensive lamellipodia at the cell periphery and polarization of the cell accompanied by increases in cell motility. Negatively regulates myocardial contractility and positively regulates angiogenesis, platelet aggregation and thrombus formation in arteries. Mediates hypertrophic growth of neonatal cardiomyocytes, in part through a MAPK1/3 (ERK1/2)-dependent signaling pathway, and upon PMA treatment, is required to induce cardiomyocyte hypertrophy up to heart failure and death, by increasing protein synthesis, protein-DNA ratio and cell surface area. Regulates cardiomyocyte function by phosphorylating cardiac troponin T (TNNT2/CTNT), which induces significant reduction in actomyosin ATPase activity, myofilament calcium sensitivity and myocardial contractility. In angiogenesis, is required for full endothelial cell migration, adhesion to vitronectin (VTN), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)-dependent regulation of kinase activation and vascular tube formation. Involved in the stabilization of VEGFA mRNA at post-transcriptional level and mediates VEGFA-induced cell proliferation. In the regulation of calcium-induced platelet aggregation, mediates signals from the CD36/GP4 receptor for granule release, and activates the integrin heterodimer ITGA2B-ITGB3 through the RAP1GAP pathway for adhesion. During response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), may regulate selective LPS-induced macrophage functions involved in host defense and inflammation. But in some inflammatory responses, may negatively regulate NF-kappa-B-induced genes, through IL1A-dependent induction of NF-kappa-B inhibitor alpha (NFKBIA/IKBA). Upon stimulation with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), phosphorylates EIF4G1, which modulates EIF4G1 binding to MKNK1 and may be involved in the regulation of EIF4E phosphorylation. Phosphorylates KIT, leading to inhibition of KIT activity. Phosphorylates ATF2 which promotes cooperation between ATF2 and JUN, activating transcription.;Species reactivity: Bovine;Application: ;Assay info: Assay Methodology: Quantitative Sandwich ELISA;Sensitivity: 27 pg/mL
Description: Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases that can be activated by calcium and second messenger diacylglycerol. PKC family members phosphorylate a wide variety of protein targets and are known to be involved in diverse cellular signaling pathways. PKC family members also serve as major receptors for phorbol esters, a class of tumor promoters. Each member of the PKC family has a specific expression profile and is believed to play a distinct role in cells. The protein encoded by this gene is one of the PKC family members. This protein kinase has been reported to be involved in many different cellular functions, such as B cell activation, apoptosis induction, endothelial cell proliferation, and intestinal sugar absorption. Studies in mice also suggest that this kinase may also regulate neuronal functions and correlate fear-induced conflict behavior after stress. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms have been reported.
Description: Pre-made tet-inducible lentiviral particles expressing a human gene with a Blasticidin-RFP fusion marker (Dual selection). The expressed human gene, PRKCA, is fully sequence verified and matched to NCBI accession ID: NM_002737
Description: A polyclonal antibody against Phospho-PRKCA/PRKCB/PRKCD/PRKCE/PRKCG/PRKCH/PRKCQ/PRKCZ (T497). Recognizes Phospho-PRKCA/PRKCB/PRKCD/PRKCE/PRKCG/PRKCH/PRKCQ/PRKCZ (T497) from Human, Mouse, Rat. This antibody is Unconjugated. Tested in the following application: WB, IHC, IF, ELISA;WB:1/500-1/2000.IHC:1/100-1/300.IF:1/200-1/1000.ELISA:1/40000
